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Wireless Energy Transfer Technology
Accelerating charges change the electromagnetic environment in the surrounding area as they move down a conductor. At the speed of light, modifications to the electromagnetic field spread outward.
The strength of the electromagnetic field fluctuates as it moves away from the source of radiation. Magnetic fields can transfer a lot of energy close to an antenna. This is taken advantage of by near-field wireless transmission devices, which can send watts of electricity over centimeter distances. A lower amount of energy can be sent by electric fields without being close to an antenna.
The choice of which wireless energy transfer mechanism you use depends on your application and your expected current consumption. There are several wireless charging standards competing for dominance (Qi, PMA/AirFuel Alliance, WPC, etc.), each with various charging methods and maximum charging distances.
Every device we use, including microwave ovens, Wi-Fi access points, and cell phones, causes detectable disruptions in the electromagnetic fields that surround us. Regions of space with potential energies that change with time and/or distance are produced by these disturbances. Also, an inventive engineer can always find a method to accomplish some valuable task wherever there is a possible difference.
One way that these electromagnetic fields can be used is energy harvesting. In particular, this can be achieved with RF-to-DC converters—harvesting energy from already present radio waves in the environment.
Harvesting Energy from RF
Harvesting energy from RF (radio frequency) refers to the process of capturing and converting the energy that is present in RF signals into usable electrical energy. This can be useful in situations where it is not practical or convenient to use batteries or other traditional sources of power.
One common method of RF energy harvesting is through the use of an antenna. An antenna can be designed to capture RF signals and convert them into electrical energy, which can then be used to power small devices or recharge batteries.
Another method involves the use of rectifiers, which are devices that can convert AC (alternating current) power into DC (direct current) power. RF energy can be converted into AC power using an antenna, and then rectified to provide usable DC power.
There are many potential applications for RF energy harvesting, including in remote sensing, wireless sensor networks, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. However, there are also some challenges associated with RF energy harvesting, including the limited range and power of RF signals, as well as the potential for interference from other sources of RF energy.
Overall, RF energy harvesting is a promising area of research that has the potential to provide a new source of power for a wide range of devices and applications.
RF is an abundant source for energy harvesting, although it does require proximity to a transmitting antenna.
The concept of harvesting energy from RF is not new and the process is relatively simple. Radiowaves reach an antenna and cause a changing potential difference across its length. That potential difference causes charge carriers to move along the length of the antenna in an attempt to equalize the field, and the RF-to-DC integrated circuit is able to capture energy from the movement of those charge carriers. The energy is stored temporarily in a capacitor and then used to create a desired potential difference at the load.
It’s possible to create a circuit that performs RF-to-DC conversion for a subsystem from readily available components. Utilizing various combinations of antennas, wireless charging coils, PMICs (power management ICs), power receiver chips, exciter transmitters, etc. can yield systems capable of harvesting energy from RF. Specialized integrated circuits (ICs) designed specifically for RF-to-DC conversion are currently somewhat rare, with Powercast and E-Peas providing the only current commercial solutions.